bednotesforsem1

    Education is essential for the development of any democratic country. India is a democratic country.       The spirit of the Indian constitution is to provide equal opportunity to every citizen to grow and attain their potential, irrespective of caste, religion or gender. Every one has a gender identity and we know have a 'third gender ' for transgenders.      As per 2011, There are around 4.9 lakh. Third gender in the country who face social discrimination and harrassment. How ever after the supreme Court 2014 transgender will how study in schools and colleges with all facility approving their admissions under the category of 'disadvantaged group' defined by the "Right to education act 2009 (RTE)       Transgenders are eligible for 25% reservation under the economically weaker section (EWS) and disadvantaged students category for admissions.       The supreme Court of India,on 15 April 2014 in its pione...

           LOCAL CULTURE  (i) Culture is an integral part of human society. It is one of the major elements of a social system. Every society has its own culture with its own feature. The regional differences, however, do occur in culture within a single society. For instance, we notice many stream within Indian culture itself located in different regions. (ii) There are different traditions in these cultural regions. We may call them subcultures. Some sociologists given name such regional cultures as ‘local culture’. (iii) The term local culture is used in a relative sense, when we talk about culture of a country, for the people of other countries it becomes a national culture. But if the reference point is cultural regions within a country, its context changes. For example, Indian culture is a national culture of India for the Britishers, the Germans and the Americans. But for Indians, local cultures include different cultural patterns foun...

 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES  Our environment faces several problems, and many of these seem to be worsening with time, bringing us into a time of a true environmental crisis. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to raise awareness of the existence of these issues, as well as what can be done to reduce their negative impact. Some of the key issues are: 1) Pollution Pollution of the air, water and soil caused by toxins such as plastics, heavy metals and nitrates, caused by factors such as toxins and gases released by factories, combustion of fossil fuels, acid rain, oil spill and industrial waste. 2) Global warming The emission of greenhouse gases due to human activity causes global warming, which in turn causes an increase in temperature that then leads to rising sea levels, melting of polar ice caps, flash floods and desertification. 3) Overpopulation We are facing a shortage of resources such as food, water and fuel to sustain the rising global population, particularly i...

                शांति निकेतन  प्रस्तावना  सन अट्ठारह सौ बासठ 1862 ईस्वी में गुरुदेव  रविंद्र नाथ टैगोर के पिता महर्षि देवेंद्र नाथ टैगोर ने आध्यात्मिक साधना के लिए बंगाल में बोलपुर के पास कोलकाता से लगभग 100 मील की दूरी पर नगर के कोलाहल से दूर शांत और प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य से भरपूर स्थान पर एक आश्रम की स्थापना की थी। सन  1901 ईसवी में टैगोर ने वहां शांतिनिकेतन विद्यालय स्थापित किया ।रविंद नाथ टैगोर ने अपने विद्यालय की स्थापना के लिए स्थान चुनने के विषय में लिखा है:-- " "मेरे मन में एक आदर्श विद्यालय का रूप था जिसमें घर और मंदिर की एक साथ अनुभूति हो ।जहां शिक्षा उपासना युक्त जीवन का एक अंग बन सके ।मैंने इस स्थान को चुना, जो नगर के सभी आकर्षणों तथा विकृतियों से दूर था और जहां का वातावरण एक पवित्र जीवन की स्मृति से व्याप्त था। जिसने परमात्मा के सानिध्य में अपने दिन बिताए थे।" शांतिनिकेतन स्थापना के उद्देश्य  *बालकों को जहां ऐसी शिक्षा दी जा सके ,जो प्रकृति से विलग ना हो और बच्चे परिवार के वातावरण का अनुभव करें।  *जहां बालक स...

  INNOVATIVE APPROACH OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION  National Education Policy 1986 by the Government of India, Ramamurthy Committee, 1992, UNICEF etc. Institutions have promoted a new approach for the development of socially inclusive education, this committee has given the following suggestions considering the problems of physically handicapped children: * Knowledge should be made to everyone in relation to the problems of the disabled. For this, cooperation of all media such as newspapers, TV, radio and various communication departments should be taken. *The family in which there is a physical or mental handicap, such a family should be fully supported by the government and such families should talk about the disability, give special training to the family members and evaluate the children with disabilities from time to time. * The education system of these children should be flexible so that the interest of learning remains in the children. *Education of these children shoul...

            समावेशी शिक्षा हेतु नवीन उपागम  भारत सरकार द्वारा राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 1986 राममूर्ति कमेटी 1992 यूनिसेफ आदि संस्थाओं ने समाजिक समावेशी शिक्षा के विकास हेतु नवीन उपागम का बढ़ावा दिया है इस कमेटी ने शारीरिक रूप से बाधित बालकों की समस्याओं पर विचार करते हुए निम्न सुझाव दिए हैं:---   *दिव्यांग जनों की समस्याओं के संबंधों में सभी को ज्ञान कराया जाए ।इसके लिए समस्त माध्यमों जैसे समाचार पत्र, टीवी, रेडियो तथा विभिन्न संप्रेषण विभागों का सहयोग   लेना चाहिए।  *जिस परिवार में कोई शारीरिक या मानसिक दिव्यांग हो ऐसे परिवार को सरकार द्वारा पूर्ण रूप से सहायता करनी चाहिए तथा ऐसे परिवारों से दिव्यांग के संबंध में बातचीत करना, परिवार वालों को विशेष प्रशिक्षण देना तथा समय-समय पर बाधित बालकों का मूल्यांकन भी करना चाहिए । *इन बालकों की शिक्षा व्यवस्था लचीली होनी चाहिए जिससे बालकों में सीखने की पूरी रुचि बना रहे।   *इन बालकों की शिक्षा सामान्य स्कूलों में  अथवा समान्य स्कूलों की विशिष्ट कक्षाओं में तथा समन्वित व्यावसायिक शिक...

  SOCIAL ISSUES social issues also problem, social evil and social conflict refers to any condition that is opposed either by the whole society or by a section of the society. It is an unwanted social conditions often objectionable the continuance of which is harmful for the society. India is facing a large number of social issues such as:--- *Caste system  * Poverty  * Child Labour  *Child marriage  *Illiteracy *Low status of women *Gender in equality  *Dowry System *Sati Pratha *Alconolism *Superstition *Cleanliness  *Religious Problems       Some social issues are discussed:--- CASTE SYSTEM:--- Caste system is a system of defining class or assigning status to individual from the time of birth. In India the caste system is mainly profession based India has been a victim of caste system since ages.       Cause:---  The main reason behind the growth of caste system in India is the assignment of cast based on job ...